{"id":15,"count":16,"description":"Lanthanides are a set of 15 naturally occurring metallic elements, whose atomic numbers fall between 57 (lanthanum) and 71 (lutetium). These elements all have their 4f sublevel filled. Lanthanides exhibit similarities in physical and chemical properties, and they have many industrial uses.\r\n<h3>List of Lanthanides<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/lanthanum\/\"><strong>Lanthanum<\/strong><\/a><strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0symbol Ln, atomic number 57<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/cerium\/\"><strong>Cerium<\/strong><\/a><strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0symbol Ce, atomic number 58<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/praseodymium\/\"><strong>Praseodymium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Pr, atomic number 59<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/neodymium\/\"><strong>Neodymium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Nd, atomic number 60<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/promethium\/\"><strong>Promethium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Pm, atomic number 61<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/samarium\/\"><strong>Samarium:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Sm, atomic number 62<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/europium\/\"><strong>Europium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Eu, atomic number 63<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/gadolinium\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Gadolinium<\/strong><\/a><strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0symbol Gd, atomic number 64<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/terbium\/\"><strong>Terbium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Tb, atomic number 65<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/dysprosium\/\"><strong>Dysprosium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Dy, atomic number 66<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/holmium\/\"><strong>Holmium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Ho, atomic number 67<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/erbium\/\"><strong>Erbium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Er, atomic number 68<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/thulium\/\"><strong>Thulium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Tm, atomic number 69<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/ytterbium\/\"><strong>Ytterbium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Yb, atomic number 70<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/lutetium\/\"><strong>Lutetium<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0symbol Lu, atomic number 71<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe lanthanides are located in block 5d of the periodic table. The first 5d transition element is either lanthanum or lutetium, depending on how you interpret the periodic trends of the elements. Sometimes only the lanthanides, and not the actinides, are classified as rare earths; however, even the scarce rare earths (e.g., europium, lutetium) are more common than platinum-group metals.\r\n\r\nSeveral of these lanthanides form during fission processes with uranium and plutonium materials.\r\n<h2><strong>Common Properties of the Lanthanides<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nLanthanides share the following common properties:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Tarnishes in the air, forming its oxides.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Soft metals. Hardness increases somewhat as the atomic number rises.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Each lanthanide 3+ ion's radius decreases from left to right across the period (increasing atomic number). This is known as 'lanthanide shrinkage.'<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Melting points and boiling points are high.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They're very reactive.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>React with water to release hydrogen (H2) gradually, but rapidly after heating<\/li>\r\n \t<li>React with H+ (dilute acid) to release H2 (rapidly at room temperature).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>React\u00a0in an exothermic reaction\u00a0with H2.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Burn easily in air.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They are strong reducing agents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Their compounds are generally ionic.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>At elevated temperatures, many rare earths ignite and burn vigorously.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most rare earth compounds are strongly paramagnetic.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Many rare earth compounds fluoresce strongly under ultraviolet light.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lanthanide ions tend to be pale colors, resulting from weak, narrow, forbidden\u00a0<em>f<\/em>\u00a0x\u00a0<em>f<\/em>\u00a0optical transitions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The magnetic moments of the lanthanide and iron ions oppose each other.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The lanthanides react readily with most nonmetals and form binaries on heating with most nonmetals.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","link":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/rare-earth\/lanthanides\/","name":"Lanthanides","slug":"lanthanides","taxonomy":"category","parent":10,"meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/15"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/taxonomies\/category"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/10"}],"wp:post_type":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts?categories=15"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}