{"id":226,"date":"2020-04-09T10:06:26","date_gmt":"2020-04-09T10:06:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/?page_id=226"},"modified":"2023-08-15T14:53:08","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T14:53:08","slug":"nobelium","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/nobelium\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobelium (No)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Nobelium is a chemical element with the atomic number 102 in the periodic table. Since it\u2019s a  synthetically produced substance, element 102 cannot be found naturally in Earth\u2019s crust. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Mendeleev’s classification of elements, nobelium is a member of the actinides family of the periodic table. It has three valence electrons arranged in the electron configuration [Rn] 5f136d17s2.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Chemical and Physical Properties of Nobelium<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Property<\/strong><\/td>Value<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Symbol<\/td>No<\/td><\/tr>
Atomic number<\/td>102<\/td><\/tr>
Atomic weight (mass)<\/td>[259] g.mol-1<\/td><\/tr>
Group (number)<\/td>Actinides<\/td><\/tr>
Period<\/td>7 (f-block)<\/td><\/tr>
Color<\/td>N\/A<\/td><\/tr>
Physical state<\/td>Solid at 20\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>
Half-life<\/td>From 5.7(8) milliseconds to 58 minutes<\/td><\/tr>
Electronegativity according to Pauling<\/td>Unknown<\/td><\/tr>
Density<\/td>Unknown<\/td><\/tr>
Melting point<\/td>827\u00b0C, 1521\u00b0F, 1100 K<\/td><\/tr>
Boiling point<\/td>Unknown<\/td><\/tr>
Van der Waals radius<\/td>Unknown<\/td><\/tr>
Ionic radius<\/td>Unknown<\/td><\/tr>
Isotopes<\/td>12<\/td><\/tr>
Most characteristic isotope<\/td>259No<\/td><\/tr>
Electronic shell<\/td>[Rn] 5f13 6d1 7s2<\/td><\/tr>
The energy of the first ionization<\/td>Unknown<\/td><\/tr>
The energy of the second ionization<\/td>Unknown<\/td><\/tr>
Discovery date<\/td>1963 by Georgy Flerov and colleagues at Dubna and independently by Albert Ghiorso and colleagues at Berkeley<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

With the periodic table symbol No, atomic number 102, an assumed atomic mass of [259] g.mol<\/span>-1<\/span>, and electron configuration [Rn] 5f<\/span>13<\/span>6d<\/span>1<\/span>7s<\/span>2<\/span>, nobelium is a radioactive metal. Its melting point is achieved at 827\u00b0C, 1521\u00b0F, 1100 K, while the boiling point of this substance is still unknown. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Being classified as a transuranium element according to the atomic number, nobelium has a highly unstable electron configuration. This member of the actinides series in the periodic table has a trivalent electronic shell and <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The rest of the physical and chemical properties of this chemical element remain unknown. This is due to the fact that there are only a few atoms of the substance synthesized so far, which haven\u2019t been thoroughly studied.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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How Was Nobelium Discovered?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This chemical element has two teams of discoverers behind its discovery. Namely, both the Russian and the American teams succeeded in producing the transuranium element 102 at the same time. The first nobelium isotope 254No was simultaneously synthesized in 1966 in the laboratories of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California, United States, and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, near Moscow, Russia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Contribution of the Dubna Team of Scientists<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In 1956, the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, performed a revolutionary experiment that produced a new transuranium element. The scientists name the new element joliotium, after<\/span> Irene Joliot-Curie<\/span><\/a>. However, their discovery didn\u2019t receive much attention from the scientific community.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Discovery of the Stockholm Team of Scientists<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In 1957, the team of scientists from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm, Sweden, declared a new achievement. Namely, they announced their success in producing element 102 in a cyclotron, by bombarding a target of curium<\/a>-244 with ions of carbon-13. The first isotope of the element 102 that they believed to have synthesized had a half-life of 10 minutes. The Swedish team members named the newly discovered element nobelium, very likely because they thought this achievement was worth the Nobel Prize. However, their scientific evidence could not be verified.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Contribution of the Berkeley Team of Scientists<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A year later, a third group made up of Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Torb\u00f8rn Sikkeland, and John R. Walton, from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California, tried to replicate the chemical trial of the Swedish team on the other side of the ocean.\u00a0 By bombarding curium-246 with carbon-12 at the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator, the team did not succeed in producing the same isotope with a half-life of 10 minutes, but the reaction of californium <\/a>with boron<\/a> and carbon<\/a> ions produced nobelium-254 isotope with a half-life of three seconds.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Credits <\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

After reviewing all scientific claims and evidence, IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) decided on the Dubna team of scientists as the discoverers of nobelium in 1966.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the Berkeley group led by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory was eventually also credited as the team who discovered nobelium, since their scientific evidence of the nobelium-245 isotope could be strongly confirmed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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How Did Nobelium Get Its Name?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The name of element 102 was given after the great Swedish philanthropist and scientist Alfred Nobel to commemorate his legacy to the world. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the third team of scientists based in Berkeley submitted their evidence of the new element nobelium, the IUPAC recognized the name <\/span>nobelium<\/span><\/i> as the official name of the new element, since it was the name used by all three research teams.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Where Can You Find Nobelium?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nobelium can only be made by nuclear bombardment in a strictly controlled laboratory environment and under the supervision of highly experienced and knowledgeable scientists. Until the present day, this chemical element has been produced only in minuscule amounts in two laboratories where it was first synthesized.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Nobelium in Everyday Life<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Element 102 is used only in scientific research because nobelium metal has not been prepared in quantities larger than a few atoms.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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How Dangerous Is Nobelium?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The radioactive properties of the nobelium atoms that have been so far produced make this chemical a highly dangerous and toxic substance.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Environmental Effects of Nobelium<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

So far, the biological role of nobelium is unknown due to the lack of scientific knowledge of this element.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Isotopes of Nobelium<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There are a total of 12 radioactive isotopes of the element nobelium. Resembling the chemical properties of the other synthetically produced transuranium elements, nobelium also has no stable isotopes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

With a half-life of 51(10) seconds, nobelium-254 was the first form of this chemical to be identified. The radioisotope nobelium-259 is the longest living form of this transuranium element, with a half-life of 58 minutes. This form of nobelium is the most stable one. It first decays into fermium<\/a>-255 through alpha decay, then into mendelevium<\/a>-259 through electron capture or spontaneous fission.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nuclide<\/b>\n

[n 1]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>

Z<\/i><\/b><\/td>N<\/i><\/b><\/td>Isotopic mass <\/b>(Da)<\/span>\n

[n 2][n 3]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>

Half-life<\/b><\/td>Decay<\/b>\n

mode<\/b><\/p>\n

[n 4]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>

Daughter<\/b>\n

isotope<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>

Spin and<\/b>\n

parity<\/b><\/p>\n

[n 5][n 6]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>

Excitation energy<\/b>[n 6]<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
250<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>148<\/span><\/td>250.08756(22)#<\/span><\/td>5.7(8) \u03bcs<\/span><\/td>SF (99.95%)<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td>0+<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b1 (.05%)<\/span><\/td>246<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (2.5\u00d710<\/span>\u22124<\/span>%)<\/span><\/td>250<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
251<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>149<\/span><\/td>251.08894(12)#<\/span><\/td>0.78(2) s<\/span><\/td>\u03b1 (89%)<\/span><\/td>247<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td>7\/2+#<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
SF (10%)<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (1%)<\/span><\/td>251<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
252<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>150<\/span><\/td>252.088967(10)<\/span><\/td>2.27(14) s<\/span><\/td>\u03b1 (73.09%)<\/span><\/td>248<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td>0+<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
SF (26.9%)<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (1%)<\/span><\/td>252<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
253<\/span>No<\/span>[n 7]<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>151<\/span><\/td>253.090564(7)<\/span><\/td>1.62(15) min<\/span><\/td>\u03b1 (80%)<\/span><\/td>249<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td>(9\/2\u2212)#<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (20%)<\/span><\/td>253<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
SF (10<\/span>\u22123<\/span>%)<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
254<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>152<\/span><\/td>254.090956(11)<\/span><\/td>51(10) s<\/span><\/td>\u03b1 (89.3%)<\/span><\/td>250<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td>0+<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (10%)<\/span><\/td>254<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
SF (.31%)<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
255<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>153<\/span><\/td>255.093191(16)<\/span><\/td>3.1(2) min<\/span><\/td>\u03b1 (61.4%)<\/span><\/td>251<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td>(1\/2+)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (38.6%)<\/span><\/td>255<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
256<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>154<\/span><\/td>256.094283(8)<\/span><\/td>2.91(5) s<\/span><\/td>\u03b1 (99.44%)<\/span><\/td>252<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td>0+<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
SF (.55%)<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
EC<\/span><\/a> (.01%)<\/span><\/td>256<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
257<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>155<\/span><\/td>257.096888(7)<\/span><\/td>25(2) s<\/span><\/td>\u03b1 (99%)<\/span><\/td>253<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td>(7\/2+)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (1%)<\/span><\/td>257<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
258<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>156<\/span><\/td>258.09821(11)#<\/span><\/td>1.2(2) ms<\/span><\/td>SF (99.99%)<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td>0+<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b1 (.01%)<\/span><\/td>254<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span>\u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (rare)<\/span><\/td>258<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
259<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>157<\/span><\/td>259.10103(11)#<\/span><\/td>58(5) min<\/span><\/td>\u03b1 (75%)<\/span><\/td>255<\/span>Fm<\/span><\/td>(9\/2+)#<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
EC (25%)<\/span><\/td>259<\/span>Md<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
SF (<10%<\/span>[1]<\/span>)<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
260<\/span>No<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>158<\/span><\/td>260.10264(22)#<\/span><\/td>106(8) ms<\/span><\/td>SF<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td>0+<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
262<\/span>No<\/span>[n 8]<\/span><\/td>102<\/span><\/td>160<\/span><\/td>262.10746(39)#<\/span><\/td>~5 ms<\/span><\/td>SF<\/span><\/td>(various)<\/span><\/td>0+<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Source: Wikipedia<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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List of Nobelium Compounds <\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Chemical compounds in which nobelium participates as one of the components have not been made yet. It\u2019s assumed that the element would have adopted the +3 oxidation state in a hypothetical compound.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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5 Interesting Facts and Explanations<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Alfred Nobel is a Swedish philanthropist, chemist, engineer, and industrialist. He is known as the inventor of dynamite and other explosive substances. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. A disaster that occurred in Nobel\u2019s nitroglycerin factory led to the death even of his younger brother Emil, along with several other employees. Feeling responsible for the damage and deaths his discovery causes upon improper handling or misuse as a weapon, Nobel felt obliged to contribute in some way to humanity.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. The <\/span>Nobel Prize<\/span><\/a> for the ultimate achievement in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace was established according to Alfred Nobel\u2019s will and financed by his personal fortune left in a will as a support of the science for the betterment of the world. The <\/span>Nobel Prize in Chemistry<\/span><\/a> is awarded by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Nobelium-254 was the first form of this chemical element that has been correctly identified by its discoverers.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory is nowadays renamed the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Nobelium is a chemical element with the atomic number 102 in the periodic table. Since it\u2019s a  synthetically produced substance, element 102 cannot be found naturally in Earth\u2019s crust.  According to Mendeleev’s classification of elements, nobelium is a member of the actinides family of the periodic table. It has three valence electrons arranged in the … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,10],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/226"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=226"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/226\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3179,"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/226\/revisions\/3179"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=226"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=226"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thechemicalelements.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=226"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}