sodium <\/a>channels located in the membrane of the neuron cells. In this way, tetrodotoxin inhibits the relay of sensory information between the neurons. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nAfter consummation of some of the aforementioned fish or marine animals, the symptoms experienced by the individual affected by this neurotoxin include paralysis, neurological problems, tingling, numbness of the mouth, fingers or extremities, gastrointestinal problems, etc. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Environmental Effects of Carbon<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nThe elemental form of carbon has no negative environmental effects. However, the effects of some of its compounds extend from the environmentally most beneficial (photosynthesis) to most detrimental for the environment (the greenhouse effect). <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nThe Carbon Cycle (Photosynthesis)<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAntoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley were the first naturalists who detected the carbon cycle, which was later more thoroughly studied by Sir Humphry Davy. The carbon cycle is the fluctuation of this star-made substance through the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and atmosphere of Earth. The consistency of the carbon cycle supports the formation of other carbon compounds and many biological processes that are of vital importance. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nOne of the most important influences of the carbon cycle is photosynthesis – a process that enables the existence of oxygen in the atmosphere. During the process of photosynthesis, plants and trees absorb the toxic carbon dioxide that has been released into the air. By carbon sequestration, the plants remove carbon dioxide from the air in order to use it for the production of glucose, which is their energy source. After that, they release pure oxygen back, thus purifying the air.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Carbon Dioxide (CO<\/span>2<\/span> – The Greenhouse Gas)<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nCarbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas with an unpleasant, sharp smell. It\u2019s released by the burning of carbon compounds, but also by people and animals via respiration. Namely, when we inhale oxygen, we exhale carbon dioxide. In the 17th century, the Belgian chemist Jan Baptista van Helmont was the first scientist who observed carbon dioxide as a resulting substance from the burning of fuels. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nDespite being an essential element for the health of plants, the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide lead to severe climate change by raising the natural temperatures of the seasons. Together with water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide is considered as one of the greenhouse gasses. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nNamely, these gases lead to global warming, causing the \u2018greenhouse\u2019 effect that disrupts the normal cycles in nature by absorbing the warmth of the Sun and reverting it back to Earth. As a result, the millennium-old ice glaciers melt, animals lose their natural habitats, many animal and plant species become extinct. Nature and people suffer. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
What is a Carbon Footprint?<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\nThe amount of carbon emissions in the atmosphere is known as a carbon footprint. It\u2019s a result of the increased traffic and exhaust fumes from transport (cars and planes), heating, industrial chimneys, and use of various natural fuel-consuming services. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
How to Reduce the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming?<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\nClimate change is an inevitable fact that our planet (as well as our life on the planet) is endangered mainly by our quest for more natural goods. The fossil fuels exploitation, cutting of the forests, increased work of the industries, pollution of waters and air, cities clogged with traffic – these are only a few of the triggers for the greenhouse effect, extinction of animals, and rapid temperature fluctuations.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nIn order to reduce the negative greenhouse effect and global warming, we could try and implement some simple things in our everyday life:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\nUse bicycles or walk, instead of driving cars that pollute the air;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\nReduce, reuse, recycle;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\nFind a natural substitute for plastic products;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\nUse the energy resources wisely;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\nSpare electric energy and water;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\nUse alternative ways of heating instead of electric energy;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\nUse energy-saving LED bulbs instead of the regular ones;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\nPlant trees (the more, the better);<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\nLimit waste. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Isotopes of Carbon<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWith a half-life of 5730 years, the <\/span>14<\/span>C is the longest-living carbon isotope. It\u2019s mainly used in radiocarbon dating and radiolabeling. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\nNuclide<\/b>[2]<\/span><\/td> Z<\/i><\/b><\/td> N<\/i><\/b><\/td> Isotopic mass <\/b>(Da)<\/span>[3]<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
[n 1]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>
Half-life<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
[resonance width]<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>
Decay<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
mode<\/b><\/p>\n
[n 2]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
Daughter<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
isotope<\/b><\/p>\n
[n 3]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
Spin and<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
parity<\/b><\/p>\n
[n 4][n 5]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
Natural abundance <\/b>(mole fraction)<\/span><\/td><\/tr>Normal proportion<\/b><\/td> Range of variation<\/b><\/td><\/tr>8<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 2<\/span><\/td> 8.037643(20)<\/span><\/td> 3.5(1.4) \u00d7 10<\/span>\u221221<\/span> s<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
[230(50) keV]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
2p<\/span><\/a><\/td> 6<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
Be<\/span><\/p>\n[n 6]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>
0+<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> 9<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 3<\/span><\/td> 9.0310372(23)<\/span><\/td> 126.5(9) ms<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>+<\/span><\/a>, p (61.6%)<\/span><\/td> 8<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
Be<\/span><\/p>\n[n 7]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>
(3\/2\u2212)<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> \u03b2<\/span>+<\/span>, <\/span>\u03b1<\/span><\/a> (38.4%)<\/span><\/td> 5<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
Li<\/span><\/p>\n[n 8]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>10<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 4<\/span><\/td> 10.01685322(8)<\/span><\/td> 19.3009(17) s<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>+<\/span><\/td> 10<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
B<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>
0+<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> 11<\/span>C<\/span>[n 9]<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 5<\/span><\/td> 11.01143260(6)<\/span><\/td> 20.364(14) min<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>+<\/span> (99.79%)<\/span><\/td> 11<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
B<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>
3\/2\u2212<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> EC (0.21%)<\/span>[4][5]<\/span><\/td> 11<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
B<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>12<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 12 exactly<\/span>[n 10]<\/span><\/a><\/td> Stable<\/b><\/td> 0+<\/span><\/td> 0.9893(8)<\/span><\/td> 0.98853\u20130.99037<\/span><\/td><\/tr>13<\/span>C<\/span>[n 11]<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 7<\/span><\/td> 13.00335483521(23)<\/span><\/td> Stable<\/b><\/td> 1\/2\u2212<\/span><\/td> 0.0107(8)<\/span><\/td> 0.00963\u20130.01147<\/span><\/td><\/tr>14<\/span>C<\/span>[n 12]<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 8<\/span><\/td> 14.003241988(4)<\/span><\/td> 5,730 years<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span><\/td> 14<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>
0+<\/span><\/td> Trace<\/span>[n 13]<\/span><\/td> <10<\/span>\u221212<\/span><\/td><\/tr>15<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 9<\/span><\/td> 15.0105993(9)<\/span><\/td> 2.449(5) s<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span><\/td> 15<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>
1\/2+<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> 16<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 10<\/span><\/td> 16.014701(4)<\/span><\/td> 0.747(8) s<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span>, <\/span>n<\/span><\/a> (97.9%)<\/span><\/td> 15<\/b>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>
0+<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span> (2.1%)<\/span><\/td> 16<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>17<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 11<\/span><\/td> 17.022579(19)<\/span><\/td> 193(5) ms<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span> (71.6%)<\/span><\/td> 17<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
(3\/2+)<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span>, n (28.4%)<\/span><\/td> 16<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>18<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 12<\/span><\/td> 18.02675(3)<\/span><\/td> 92(2) ms<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span> (68.5%)<\/span><\/td> 18<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
0+<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span>, n (31.5%)<\/span><\/td> 17<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>19<\/span>C<\/span>[n 14]<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 13<\/span><\/td> 19.03480(11)<\/span><\/td> 46.2(23) ms<\/span><\/td> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span>, n (47.0%)<\/span><\/td> 18<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
(1\/2+)<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span> (46.0%)<\/span><\/td> 19<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>\u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span>, 2n (7%)<\/span><\/td> 17<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>20<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 14<\/span><\/td> 20.04026(25)<\/span><\/td> 16(3) ms<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
[14(+6-5) ms]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
\u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span>, n (70%)<\/span><\/td> 19<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
0+<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> \u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span> (30%)<\/span><\/td> 20<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr>21<\/span>C<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 15<\/span><\/td> 21.04900(64)#<\/span><\/td> <30 ns<\/span><\/td> n<\/span><\/td> 20<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
C<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
(1\/2+)#<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr> 22<\/span>C<\/span>[n 15]<\/span><\/td> 6<\/span><\/td> 16<\/span><\/td> 22.05755(25)<\/span><\/td> 6.2(13) ms<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
[6.1(+14-12) ms]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
\u03b2<\/span>\u2212<\/span><\/td> 22<\/span>\n <\/p>\n
N<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>
0+<\/span><\/td> <\/td> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\nSource: Wikipedia<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n